TRƯỜNG THCS AN TRACH
HUYỆN ĐÔNG HẢI
NGỮ PHÁP CƠ BẢN TIẾNG ANH 9 (Dùng ôn tập cho học sinh lớp 9)


PART 1: TENSES
I. Present simple tense:

1. formation:
(+) V
(-) doesn’t / don’t + V
(?) Do / Does + V ?

* With third person singular subjects:
- Add “-S” to most verbs.
- Add “-ES” to verb ending in “-(s)s, - “she”; - “ch”; -“x”; -“z”, and “o” follow a consonant: miss, wash, watch, box, buzz, go.
- Replace “-y” follow a consonant with “-ies”: carry, copy, try…
2. Uses:
The present simple tenses used to express:
* Permanent truth:
Ex: - Summer follow the spring
* present events, actions, or situations:
Ex: - They live in Manchester.
- His father works in a bank.
* Habits:
Ex: We finish class at twelve.
He smoke a lot.
Normally used with adverb (or adverb phrase) of time: always, usually, often, sometime, occasionally, rarely, never, everyday, once a week, twice a month, three time a year, etc.
Ex:
He always works until late in the evening.
How often do you go out?
+ There times a week.
II. The present continuous tense:

1. formation:
(+) am/is/are + -ing
(-) am not/isn’t/aren’t + V-ing
(?) Am/Is/Are + V-ing ?
Exceptions:
+ With the verb ending in “-e”: omit “-e” before adding “- ing” (have, make, ride, phone , smoke…)
+ With the verb of are syllable has one vowel come between two single consonants: double the last consonant before adding “ – ing” (hit, run, stop, sit, beg …)
+ This rule is also applied to verbs of more than once syllable with the first stress falls on the last syllable (begin, prefer, forget, …)
(Với những động từ 1 âm tiết gồm 1 nguyên âm đứng giữa hai phụ âm; nhân đôi phụ âm cuối. Qui tắc này củng được áp dụngcho các động từ có hơn một âm tiết có trọng âm chính nằm ở âm tiết cuối).
2. Uses:

Actions in progress at the moment of speaking ( usually used with “now”, “at the moment” ….

Ex: - Someone is standing at the gate.
- Why are you sitting at my desk?
* Temporary situations (may not happening at the moment of speaking)
Ex: Her sister is studying English with an America teacher.

* Planned actions: future reference (usually used with a time expression)
Ex: He’s arriving tomorrow morning.
3. Verbs not normally used in the continuos tenses:

* Verbs of senses: fell, look, hear, taste, smell, see …
* Verbs of feeling and emotions: admire, fear, like, love, hate,…
* Verbs of mental activity: agree, believe, forget, remember, …
Verbs of possessions: belong, own, possess,…
* Modal verbs.
III. The past simple:
1. Formation:
(+) V (ed/2nd)
(-) didn’t + V
(?) Did + S + V ?
2. Uses:

The past simple tense is used to express:
* Completed actions in the past:
Ex: I met him yesterday.
Past habits (= used to + B.I):
Ex: He smoked 40 cigarettes till he gave up.
3. Pronuncation of “-ed”:

* Verb ending in t, d: “-ed” => /Id/
* Verbs ending ch, sh, k, p, s, x, f(gh): “-ed” => /t/
* Others: “-ed”:=>/d/.
Notes: * Verbs ending in “-e”:just add “d” (like, hate, love …)
* Verbs ending in a consonant + Y : omit Y before adding “ied” (study, worry, carry, hurry, …)
IV. The past continuos tense:
1. formation:
(+) was/were + V-ing
(-) wasn’t/weren’t + V-ing
(?) Was/Were + S + V-ing
2. Uses:
The past continuos tense is used to express:
* Actions in progress in the past:
Ex:- He was doing his exercises at 8.oo last night.
* Actions which began something else happened (with “when, as, just as, while”
Ex:- Just as I was leaving the house, the phone rang.
- We were having supper when the electricity went out.
* Parallel actions. (haønh ñoäng dieån ra song vôùi nhau)
Ex: - While my mother was working in the garden, my mother was cooking lunch.
V. The present perfect tense:
1. Formation:
(+) has/have + P.P
(-) haven’t/hasn’t + P.P
(?) Have/Has + S + P.P?
* P.P = V ( ed / 3rd)
2. Uses:
The present perfect continuos tense is used to express:
* Actions which began in the past and continue into the present:

Ex: - We’ve lived here since 1975 For 25 years
* Actions occurring at an unspecified time. (haønh ñoäng dieån ra khoâng coù moùc thôøi gian xaùc ñònh):
Ex: - Have you cleaned your bicycle?
- The boy has been punished.
* For recent actions (with “just, recently, already, yet”
- They’ve just met each other again
- For repeated and habitual actions.
VI. The present perfect continuos tense:
1. formation:
(+) has/have + been + V-ing
(-) haven’t/hasn’t been+V-ing
(?) Have/Has+S+been+V-ing ?
2. Uses:

The present perfect continuos tense is used to express:
* Actions in progress throughout a period:
Ex: - We’ve been watching cartoons very night.

Compare: - I’ve been painted this room. (uncompleted)
- I’ve painted this room. (definitely finished)
VI. The past perfect tense:
1. formation:
(+) had + P.P
(-) hadn’t + P.P
(?) Had + S + P.P
2. Uses:

The past perfect is used (to)
* Refer to an earlier past:
Ex:- She arrived when the train left.
- The boy loved the zoo. They had never seen wild animal before.
- before a point time.
Ex:- he hadn’t finished his work by yesterday evening.
* As the past equivalence of the present perfect.
Ex:- I lost my pen.
- I had lost my pen and I had to borrow hers.
VIII. The future tense:
1. The future simple tense:
(+) will / shall + B.I
(-) won’t / shan’t + B.I
(?) Will / Shall + S + B.I?
* SHALL: formal from for ‘I’; “we”
* uses:
The future simple tense is used to express:
* The speaker’s opinions, assumptions, speculations about the future: (yù kieán, giaû ñònh, söï suy ñoaùn veà töông lai)
Ex: - He’ll come back
- They’ll wait for us
* Future habitual action which we assume will take place: (thoùi quen ñöôïc giaû ñònh seõ dieån ra trong töông lai)
Ex: - Spring will come again
2. BE GOING TO + B.I

Ex: - I’m going to meet Tom at the station.
PART 2: VOICES
I. Active voice and passive voice:

1. Active voice the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the action.
Ex: Tom has opened the door.
2. Passive voice: The action is done to the subject -> the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one.
Ex: - The door has been opened by Tom.
II. Tense in passive voice:
1. Present simple tense
2. Present continuos tense
3. Present perfect tense
4. Past simple tense
5. Past continuos tense
6. Past perfect tense
7. Future simple tense
8. Future perfect tense.
III. Active and passive equivalents:
Tense / verb form
Active
Passive
Present simple
V (+s/es)
They made Hondas in Japan
am/is/are + P.P
Hondas are made in Japan
Present continuos
am/is/are + V-ing
They’re making Hondas in Japan
am/is/are + being + P.P
Hondas are being made Japan
Present perfect
Have/has + P.P

Have/had + been + P.P
Past simple
V (ed/2nd)
Was/were + P.P
Past continuos
Were/was + V-ing

Were/was + Being + P.P
They’ve made Hondas in Japan
Hondas have been made in Japan
They made Hondas here
Hondas were made here
They were making Hondas then
Hondas were made then
Past perfect
had + P.P
They had made Hondas before 1980
had + been + P.P
Hondas had been made here before 1980
Future simple
will + B.I
They will make Hondas here
will + be + P.P
Hondas will be made here
With modal verb
Someone must clean the floor
The floor must be cleaned
Note :
Be is always there in the passive voice
The agent, when, mentioned, is preceded by “by”
(Taùc nhaân thöïc hieän / giaây ra haønh ñoäng, khi ñöôïc ñeà caäp ñeán thì ñöùng sau “by”)
Ex: - Tom painted this picture.
This picture was painted by Tom
- What makes these holes?
What are these holes make by ?
But: - Smoke filled the room
The room was filled with smoke
- Pained covered the lock.
The lock was covered with paint
(smoke, paint, : material, not agents)
(smoke, paint: laø chaát khoâng phaûi laø taùc nhaân)
* When a verb + prep + O combination is put into the passive the prep. will remain immediately after the verb.
Ex:- we must take good care of the children.
The children must be taken good care of
Verb + prep / adv . combinations
Ex:- They threw away the water paper.
The water paper was thrown away.
- He looked after the children well.
The children were well look after.
IV. Uses of the passive voice:
The passive voice is used:
1. When it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action. (khi khoâng caàn thieát phaûi ñeà caäp ñeán ngöôøi thöïc hieän haønh ñoäng):
Ex:- The water paper hasn’t been collected.
Your hand will be X-rayed.
2. When we don’t know or don’t know exactly, or have forgotten who did the action..
Ex: - My room has been stolen.
- The room has been cleaned.
- I’ve been told that ….
3. when the subject of the active sentence is: ‘people’ ‘one’, ‘someone’, and (sometimes) pronoun.
Ex: - People say he is a hero.
He is said to b hero.
- someone has lock the door.
The door has been locked
- They bought that house.
That house was bought
4. When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it.

Ex: - They are building a new public library.
A new public library is being built.
PART 3:
RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Defining – Relative clause:
* Defining – Relative clause are those which provide essential information about the subject or object.
Ex: - The student who answered the questions was John
1. Relative pronoun used in defining clauses:

subject
Object
possessive
For person
For things
WHO
THAT
WHO(M)
THAT
WHOSE
WHICH
THAT
WHICH
THAT
WHOSE OF WHICH
2. WHO, WHOM, THAT and WHOSE in defining clauses refer to people:

a. Subject:WHO, THAT:
Ex: - Only those who are busy working know the value of time.
* THAT can be used after “ALL’, “every” “no”, “those”
Ex: Everyone who / that knows her likes her.

* WHO, THAT referring to subject cannot be omitted:
* THAT can be used after “ALL’, “every” “no”, “those”
Ex: Everyone who / that knows her likes her.
* WHO, THAT referring to subject cannot be omitted:
b. Object:WHO, WHOM, THAT
* WHOM: more formal
Ex: - The man who / whom / that you met yesterday was my uncle.
“who / whom / that” can be omited
c. Possessive: WHOSE

Ex: - Is he the pupil whose father is a famous writer?
3. Using WHICH, THAT in Defining – Relative clause: referring to things
a. Subject WHICH, THAT
Ex: - All the book which / that had pictures in them were sent to the little girl is more formal
b. Object: WHICH, THAT
Ex: - The English novel (which / that) I bought yesterday is very exciting.
WHICH /. THAT can be omitted.
* With all, everything, little, much, none, no- , and superlatives: THAT or no relative is necessary.
Ex: - This is the tallest building (that) I’ve ever seen.
- All the work ( that) I did seen useless now.
c. Possessive: WHOSE, OF WHICH
Ex: - I wouldn’t fly with an airplane whose safety record is so poor.
(= … the safety record of which is so poor)
- The children were playing a game whose rules I couldn’t understand
(= … the rules of which I couldn’t understand)
II. Non – defining relative clause:
Non – defining relative clause are those which provide addition information and can be omitted without causing confusion. They are separated from their nouns by commas. (pronouns cannot be omitted).
(Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định là những mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin và có thể bỏ đi mà không nên sự nhầm lẫn. Chúng được ngăn cách với danh từ bởi dấu phẩy, địa tử nào không được bỏ).
1. WHO, WHOM, WHOSE referring to people:

a. Subject: WHO.

Ex: - My uncle, who is a farmer, spend his life on the farm.
b. Object: WHO, WHOM
Ex:
- Mr. Smith, who (m) I told you once, is a helpful man.
- They’re talking about Mr. Smith, whom I told you yesterday.
(=> more common in conversation)
+ “who” is informal
c. Possessive: WHOSE

Ex: - Tom, whose mother is a nurse, he’s take care very well.
2. WHICH, WHOSE, OF WHICH referring to things:
* THAT cannot be used.
* WHICH cannot be omitted.
a. Subject: WHICH
Ex:
- The teacher’s question, which made me confused, was not in our lesson.
b. Object: WHICH
Ex:
- These books, which you can get at any bookshops, will give you all the information you need.
c. Possessive: WHOSE (for animals and things)
Ex:
- This statue, whose eyes were made of diamonds, belong to a rich family.
(= This statue, the eyes of which were made …)